Penetration Testing Process 😈

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Types of Reconnaissance

Web reconnaissance encompasses two fundamental methodologies: active and passive reconnaissance. Each approach offers distinct advantages and challenges, and understanding their differences is crucial for adequate information gathering.

Active Reconnaissance

In active reconnaissance, the attacker directly interacts with the target system to gather information. This interaction can take various forms:

Technique	Description	Example	Tools	Risk of Detection
Port Scanning	Identifying open ports and services running on the target.	Using Nmap to scan a web server for open ports like 80 (HTTP) and 443 (HTTPS).	Nmap, Masscan, Unicornscan	High: Direct interaction with the target can trigger intrusion detection systems (IDS) and firewalls.
Vulnerability Scanning	Probing the target for known vulnerabilities, such as outdated software or misconfigurations.	Running Nessus against a web application to check for SQL injection flaws or cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities.	Nessus, OpenVAS, Nikto	High: Vulnerability scanners send exploit payloads that security solutions can detect.
Network Mapping	Mapping the target’s network topology, including connected devices and their relationships.	Using traceroute to determine the path packets take to reach the target server, revealing potential network hops and infrastructure.	Traceroute, Nmap	Medium to High: Excessive or unusual network traffic can raise suspicion.
Banner Grabbing	Retrieving information from banners displayed by services running on the target.	Connecting to a web server on port 80 and examining the HTTP banner to identify the web server software and version.	Netcat, curl	Low: Banner grabbing typically involves minimal interaction but can still be logged.
OS Fingerprinting	Identifying the operating system running on the target.	Using Nmap’s OS detection capabilities (-O) to determine if the target is running Windows, Linux, or another OS.	Nmap, Xprobe2	Low: OS fingerprinting is usually passive, but some advanced techniques can be detected.
Service Enumeration	Determining the specific versions of services running on open ports.	Using Nmap’s service version detection (-sV) to determine if a web server is running Apache 2.4.50 or Nginx 1.18.0.	Nmap	Low: Similar to banner grabbing, service enumeration can be logged but is less likely to trigger alerts.
Web Spidering	Crawling the target website to identify web pages, directories, and files.	Running a web crawler like Burp Suite Spider or OWASP ZAP Spider to map out the structure of a website and discover hidden resources.	Burp Suite Spider, OWASP ZAP Spider, Scrapy (customisable)	Low to Medium: Can be detected if the crawler’s behaviour is not carefully configured to mimic legitimate traffic.

Active reconnaissance provides a direct and often more comprehensive view of the target’s infrastructure and security posture. However, it also carries a higher risk of detection, as the interactions with the target can trigger alerts or raise suspicion.

Passive Reconnaissance

In contrast, passive reconnaissance involves gathering information about the target without directly interacting with it. This relies on analysing publicly available information and resources, such as:

Technique	Description	Example	Tools	Risk of Detection
Search Engine Queries	Utilising search engines to uncover information about the target, including websites, social media profiles, and news articles.	Searching Google for “[Target Name] employees” to find employee information or social media profiles.	Google, DuckDuckGo, Bing, and specialised search engines (e.g., Shodan)	Very Low: Search engine queries are normal internet activity and unlikely to trigger alerts.
WHOIS Lookups	Querying WHOIS databases to retrieve domain registration details.	Performing a WHOIS lookup on a target domain to find the registrant’s name, contact information, and name servers.	whois command-line tool, online WHOIS lookup services	Very Low: WHOIS queries are legitimate and do not raise suspicion.
DNS	Analysing DNS records to identify subdomains, mail servers, and other infrastructure.	Using dig to enumerate subdomains of a target domain.	dig, nslookup, host, dnsenum, fierce, dnsrecon	Very Low: DNS queries are essential for internet browsing and are not typically flagged as suspicious.
Web Archive Analysis	Examining historical snapshots of the target’s website to identify changes, vulnerabilities, or hidden information.	Using the Wayback Machine to view past versions of a target website to see how it has changed over time.	Wayback Machine	Very Low: Accessing archived versions of websites is a normal activity.
Social Media Analysis	Gathering information from social media platforms like LinkedIn, Twitter, or Facebook.	Searching LinkedIn for employees of a target organisation to learn about their roles, responsibilities, and potential social engineering targets.	LinkedIn, Twitter, Facebook, specialised OSINT tools	Very Low: Accessing public social media profiles is not considered intrusive.
Code Repositories	Analysing publicly accessible code repositories like GitHub for exposed credentials or vulnerabilities.	Searching GitHub for code snippets or repositories related to the target that might contain sensitive information or code vulnerabilities.	GitHub, GitLab	Very Low: Code repositories are meant for public access, and searching them is not suspicious.